সেসার ভাইয়েহো
A Peruvian poet, writer, playwright, and journalist. Although he published only two books of poetry during his lifetime, he is considered one of the great poetic innovators of the 20th century in any language. He was always a step ahead of literary currents, and each of his books was distinct from the others, and, in its own sense, revolutionary. Thomas Merton called him "the greatest universal poet since Dante". The late British poet, critic and biographer Martin Seymour-Smith, a leading authority on world literature, called Vallejo "the greatest twentieth-century poet in any language." He was a member of the intellectual community called North Group formed in the Peruvian north coastal city of Trujillo.
জন্ম César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza
March 16, 1892 Santiago de Chuco, La Libertad, পেরু.
পেরুর উত্তর সিয়েরার সান্তিয়াগো দ্য চূকোতে। ১৯১৬ সালে ত্রুজিলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে বিএ পাস করেন, পরে ডক্টরেট ডিগ্রি পান। প্রথম কবিতার বই লস হেরালদস নিগ্রোস প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯১৯ সালে। ১৯২২ সালে প্রকাশিত হয় তার সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত বই Trilce।
নানা কারণে বিক্ষুব্ধ হয়ে বীতশ্রদ্ধ অবস্থায় চরম হতাশা ও দারিদ্রকে সঙ্গী করে দেশ ছেড়ে প্যারিস চলে যান ১৯২৩ সালে। ১৯২৫ সালে চলে আসেন স্পেনে। সেখানে লিখলেন অনেক, জীবিকার জন্য কাজ করলেন নানা রকমের। বৈপ্লবিক কয়েকটি প্রবন্ধের জন্য আবার কারারুদ্ধ হলেন। ১৯৩৬ সালের স্পেনের গৃহযুদ্ধে যোগ দিলেন। কিন্তু রাজনৈতিক কারণে আবার ফ্রান্সে পালিয়ে আসতে বাধ্য হলেন। সেখানেই ১৯৩৮ সালে, চরমতম দারিদ্র্যের মধ্যে, উপবাসে, সৃষ্টির উন্মাদনায় উন্মত্ত, যক্ষ্মারোগাক্রান্ত কবির মৃত্যু ঘটল অসহ্য যন্ত্রণার মধ্যে সম্পূর্ণ নিঃসঙ্গ অবস্থায়।
Works :
Los Heraldos Negros (1919)
Los Heraldos Negros (The Black Messengers) was completed in 1918, but not published until 1919. In the 1993 edited volume Neruda and Vallejo: Selected Poems, Robert Bly describes this collection as "a staggering book, sensual, prophetic, affectionate, wild," and as "the greatest single collection of poems I have ever read." The title is likely suggestive of the four horsemen of the apocalypse, as the book touches on topics of religiosity, life and death.
Poem: "The black heralds"[9]
There are blows in life, so powerful . . . I don't know!
Blows as from God's hatred; as if before them,
the backlash of everything suffered
were to dam up in the soul . . . I don't know!
They are few; but they are . . . They open dark furrows
in the fiercest face and in the strongest side.
Maybe they could be the horses of barbarous Attilas;
or the black heralds Death sends us.
They are the deep abysses of the soul's Christs,
of some revered faith Destiny blasphemes.
Those gory blows are the cracklings of a bread
that burns-up on us at the oven's door.
And man . . . Poor . . . poor! He turns his eyes,
as when a slap on the shoulder calls us;
he turns his crazed eyes, and everything lived
is dammed up, like a pond of guilt, in his gaze.
There are blows in life, so powerful . . . I don't know!
Trilce (1922)
Trilce, published in 1922, anticipated much of the avant-garde movement that would develop in the 1920s and 1930s. Vallejo's book takes language to a radical extreme, inventing words, stretching syntax, using automatic writing and other techniques now known as "surrealist" (though he did this before the Surrealist movement began). The book put Latin America at the center of the Avant-garde. Like James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, Trilce borders on inaccessibility.
España, Aparta de Mí Este Cáliz (1939)
In España, aparta de mí este cáliz (Spain, Take This Chalice from Me), Vallejo takes the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) as a living representation of a struggle between good and evil forces, where he advocates for the triumph of mankind. This is symbolised in the salvation of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39) that was being attacked by fascist allied forces led by General Franco. In 1994 Harold Bloom included España, Aparta de Mí Este Cáliz in his list of influential works of the Western Canon.
Poemas Humanos (1939) Edit
Poemas Humanos (Human Poems), published by the poet's wife after his death, is a leftist work of political, socially oriented poetry. Although a few of these poems appeared in magazines during Vallejo's lifetime, almost all of them were published posthumously. The poet never specified a title for this grouping, but while reading his body of work, his widow found that he had planned a book of "human poems", which is why his editors decided on this title. Of this last written work, it was said[10]"... after a long silence, as if the presentiment of death might have urged him, he wrote in a few months the Poemas humanos."
Plays
Vallejo wrote five plays, none of which was staged or published during his lifetime.
Mampar is the subject of a critical letter from French actor and theatre director Louis Jouvet which says, in summary, "Interesting, but terminally flawed". It deals with the conflict between a man and his mother-in-law. The text itself is lost, assumed to have been destroyed by Vallejo.
Lock-Out (1930, written in French; a Spanish translation by Vallejo himself is lost) deals with a labour struggle in a foundry.
Entre las dos orillas corre el río (1930s) was the product of a long and difficult birth. Titles of earlier versions include Varona Polianova, Moscú contra Moscú, El juego del amor, del odio y de la muerte and several variations on this latter title.
Colacho hermanos o Presidentes de América (1934). Satire displaying Peruvian democracy as a bourgeois farce under pressure from international companies and diplomacy.
La piedra cansada (1937), a poetic drama set in the Inca period and influenced by Greek tragedy.
Essay
Vallejo published a chronicles book entitled Russia in 1931. Reflections at the foot of the Kremlin (Madrid, 1931) and prepared another similar book for the presses titled Russia before the second five-year plan (finished in 1932 but was later published in 1965).
Also, he organized two prose books about essay and reflection: Against Professional Secrecy (written, according to Georgette, between 1923 and 1929), and Art and Revolution (written between 1929 and 1931), which bring together diverse articles, some which were published in magazines and newspapers during the lifetime of the author. No Spanish editorial wanted to publish these books because of their Marxist and revolutionary character. They would later be published in 1973.
Novels
El tungsteno (1931). A social realist novel depicting the oppression of native Peruvian miners and their communities by a foreign-owned tungsten mine.
Towards the kingdom of the Sciris (1928) is a historic short story dealing with the Incan theme.
Fabla Salvaje (1924) Literally 'Wild Language', is a short novel which follows the insanity of a character who lives in the Andes.
The children's book, "Paco Yunque", was rejected in Spain in 1930 for being too violent for children. But after it was published in Peru in the 1960s, it became mandatory reading in the elementary schools in Peru.
Non-fiction
Rusia en 1931, reflexiones al pie del Kremlin (Russia in 1931, reflections at the foot of the Kremlin), first published in 1931, is a journalistic work describing Vallejo's impressions of the new socialist society that he saw being built in Soviet Russia.
Rusia ante el II Plan Quinquenal is a second work of Vallejo's chronicles of his travels in Soviet Russia, focusing on Joseph Stalin's second Five Year Plan. The book, originally written in 1931, was not published until 1965
মৃত্যু April 15, 1938 (aged 46)
প্যারিস, ফ্রান্স
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